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Monoglyceride gut health research

Gut Health & Nutrition Library · Technical Article

Glycerol Monolaurate (α-Monolaurin) in Animal Nutrition: Antimicrobial Mechanism, Dose–Response Evidence Across Species, and Regulatory Status in the EU, US, and China

Monolaurin is one of the most-marketed monoglycerides in animal feed — and one of the most over-claimed. This review separates what the peer-reviewed record actually supports (Gram-positive and enveloped-virus activity at 300–1,000 mg/kg) from what it does not (Gram-negative control, universal growth promotion), and maps the feed-material market-access route in the EU, US and China.

Author: Shouhui Chen — SKF (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd. · Last updated: 28 September 2026 · Reading time: ~13 min

Key takeaways

  • Glycerol monolaurate (α-monolaurin, GML, CAS 142-18-7) is a naturally occurring monoglyceride found in coconut oil and human milk, with strong activity against Gram-positive bacteria and enveloped viruses but weak activity against Gram-negative enterobacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella. [4],[6],[9]
  • Dose is decisive: most positive livestock results cluster at 300–1,000 mg/kg of purified α-GML in complete feed, while sub-effective low doses and excessive high doses both appear repeatedly across trials. [13],[17],[24],[26]
  • In weaned piglets, 150 mg/kg GML outperformed colistin sulfate over 4 weeks, and a benzoic acid + GML combination outperformed pharmacological zinc oxide for diarrhoea control. [20],[22]
  • GML is not an authorised zootechnical feed additive in the EU, not an AAFCO-defined ingredient in the US, and not separately named in China's feed additive catalogue — market access runs through feed-material and emulsifier categories in all three markets. [29],[30],[33],[34],[35]
  • Effects are species-, stage- and context-dependent: several well-designed trials report null results for growth performance, so claims should be framed to the specific species, stage and dose. [3],[14],[21]
Data provenance note. This article uses only peer-reviewed literature and official regulatory documents. No company-owned trial or specification data are cited. Statements about performance are findings reported in the cited studies — not product efficacy claims and not guarantees of on-farm results. Regulatory status differs by country and species; read Section 9 and the disclaimer before using any of this in labels, brochures or sales communication.

1. What is glycerol monolaurate?

Glycerol monolaurate (monolaurin, GML, CAS 142-18-7) is the ester of lauric acid (C12:0) and glycerol. It occurs naturally in coconut oil, palm kernel oil and human breast milk, functions as a food-grade emulsifier (E 471 / 21 CFR 184.1505 / GB 2760 CNS 10.006 categories), and is studied as a non-antibiotic antimicrobial and gut-health additive in animal feed. [1],[2]

GML is an amphiphilic molecule: one hydrophilic glycerol head and one C12 hydrophobic tail (molecular weight 274.21, HLB ≈ 5.2, melting point ≈ 62 °C). In the animal, it is hydrolysed to free lauric acid without requiring bile emulsification, rapidly absorbed, and transported via the portal vein to the liver for mitochondrial β-oxidation. [2] Unlike most antibiotics, which act on a single bacterial target, GML acts on multiple cellular targets — membranes and exotoxin production simultaneously — which is why bacterial resistance to it has rarely been reported. [4]

2. How monolaurin kills bacteria — and where it fails

GML inserts into the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria, disrupts the proton motive force, and suppresses exotoxin production at concentrations below those needed to inhibit growth. Its weakness against Gram-negative bacteria is structural: the LPS-rich outer membrane blocks GML from reaching the inner membrane. [4],[6],[7]

The classic work of Schlievert et al. showed that GML inhibited group A, B, F and G streptococci at 10–20 µg/mL and Staphylococcus aureus at 100–300 µg/mL, and that hemolysin and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 production was suppressed at even lower concentrations. [4] Importantly, GML inhibits Candida and Gardnerella without harming Lactobacillus, [5] and Chinese feed-focused trials reproduce the same Gram-positive selectivity (Table 1).

PathogenGram typeMIC (µg/mL)MBC (µg/mL)Source
Streptococcus spp.+5001,000Wang et al., 2025 [6]
Staphylococcus aureus+1,000 (250 for MLG-1)2,000 (500)[6],[20]
Clostridium perfringens+250 (as MLG-1, mg/L)500Wei, 2024 [20]
Escherichia coli−>4,000 / not sensitive—[6],[7],[20]
Salmonella spp.−>4,000 / not sensitive—[6],[7],[20]
Shigella flexneri−>4,000—[20]

Table 1. In vitro susceptibility of major swine pathogens to monolaurin

The Gram-negative gap is consistent across independent Chinese and European datasets [6],[7],[8],[20] and is the single most important limitation to communicate about monolaurin in feed: as a stand-alone product it is an anti-Gram-positive and anti-envelope tool, not a broad-spectrum enteric disinfectant. Practical programmes therefore pair GML with organic acids or chelators to reach Gram-negative targets (Section 7).

3. Antiviral activity: timing matters

GML is virucidal against enveloped viruses by disrupting the viral lipid envelope, and in the pig-relevant PEDV model it works only when present before viral attachment — post-infection addition failed and even upregulated viral gene expression. This supports a preventive, not therapeutic, use pattern. [9],[10],[11]

Glycerol monolaurate inactivates enveloped viruses including HIV-1 [9], and dietary-relevant concentrations prevented mucosal SIV transmission in the macaque model — the basis for its extensive medical microbicide literature. [10] For livestock, the most direct evidence comes from a porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) study in 3D4/21 porcine alveolar macrophages: adding 10 µmol/L GML before infection reduced PEDV S, M and N gene expression to 0.275, 0.254 and 0.287 of control levels at 12 h (P<0.001), but adding it after viral attachment increased viral gene expression 1.4–1.5-fold at 24 h (P<0.05). [11] The practical takeaway for feed programmes: continuous inclusion ahead of exposure windows (e.g., weaning, transport, season onset), not curative boluses.

4. Dose–response in swine

In weaned piglets, 150 mg/kg purified GML beat colistin sulfate on body weight at day 28 (P=0.046); in finishing pigs it raised ADG by 50 g/day (P=0.017). The strongest anti-diarrhoea results come from combinations: 0.6% benzoic acid + 0.1% GML reduced diarrhoea incidence from 34% to 10% (P<0.001), outperforming 3,000 mg/kg zinc oxide. [20],[22]

ModelAnimals (n)DoseKey outcomeSignificanceRef
Weaned piglets, 23 d, 4 wk, vs colistin sulfate 100 g/t90 (3 pens × 15 per group)150 mg/kg (>96% purity)BW d7 7.5 vs 7.2 kg; BW d28 15.1 vs 14.6 kg; ADG d0–7 200.6 vs 175.3 g/dP=0.022 / P=0.046 / P=0.016[22]
Finishing pigs, 90 d old, 67 d120 (3 pens × 20 per group)150 mg/kgFinal BW 118.17 vs 114.67 kg; ADG 1,023 vs 973 g/d; lower antibiotic residues in muscleP=0.031 / P=0.017[22]
Weaned piglets, 21 d, diarrhoea model (5 treatments incl. ZnO)250 (5 pens × 10 per group)0.6% benzoic acid + 0.1% GML (vs ZnO 3,000 mg/kg)ADG 251.9 vs 225.1 g/d control; diarrhoea frequency 4.14 vs 17.00%; diarrhoea incidence 10% vs 34%P<0.001 (all)[20]
Rat, E. coli K99 challenge, 7 wk24 (6 per group)50 mg/kg gavageSpleen index normalised after challenge; most inflammation and morphology endpoints non-significantmostly P>0.05 (null)[21]

Table 2. Swine trials with glycerol monolaurate

Two honest caveats. First, the rat E. coli challenge study at 50 mg/kg produced mostly non-significant results — the authors attributed this to under-dosing, and it is a useful reminder that low doses generate null data. [21] Second, in the piglet microbiome study GML increased butyrate-producing Clostridium butyricum and Blautia obeum but reduced Lactobacillus delbrueckii and F. prausnitzii — a strain-specific, not family-wide, effect worth monitoring. [22]

5. Dose–response in poultry

In poultry, purified α-GML at 1,000 mg/kg is the most consistently positive dose for young broilers (+8.72% ADG, P=0.003), while laying hens respond at 500–1,000 mg/kg with +3.7–4.4% laying rate; dose must always be rebased to product purity, and sub-500 mg/kg doses often return null results. [13],[16],[17]

ModelAnimals (n)DoseKey outcomeSignificanceRef
Mahuang female chicks, 1–21 d180 (4 groups × 3 reps × 15)500 / 1,000 / 2,000 mg/kg (≥90%)ADG +8.72% at 1,000; F/G 1.93→1.84; serum IgM +35%; jejunum ZO-1/Occludin up; 500 mg/kg: no effectP=0.003 / P=0.002 / P<0.01; P>0.05 (500)[13]
Yellow-feathered broilersper Liu et al. 2020300 / 450 mg/kgADFI +4.24% / +5.62%; caecal propionate, butyrate, total SCFA upP<0.05[15]
AA broilers, 0–42 d, antibiotic-free diet240–288 (5–6 reps × 12; source inconsistent)3,000 mg/kg feed-grade 10% product (≈300 mg/kg active)F/G 1.56→1.50; ileal crypt −19.5%; VH/CD 4.59→5.88; ileal FABP2 ×5.1; caecal Lactobacillus up; ADG: no effectP=0.045 / P=0.036 / P=0.015 / P=0.009 / P=0.009; ADG P>0.05[14]
Broilers, eugenol + GML nanoemulsion (10% each) in water, 42 d600 (5 groups × 6 reps × 20)1.0 / 3.0 / 5.0 mL/L42-d BW 2,309→2,484 g at 3.0; F/G 1.64→1.46; serum T-AOC up; 5.0 mL/L: no benefitP<0.001 / P=0.004; null at 5.0[27]
Lohmann Grey layers, 66 wk, 21 d20,000 (2 × 10 reps × 1,000)1,000 mg/kg (≥90%)Laying rate +3.72%; F/egg −4.46%; Haugh unit +2.91%; ileal crypt −12.8%; TLR2 0.69×; jejunum NF-κB pathway downP=0.022 / P=0.048 / P=0.008 / P=0.014 / P=0.037[16]
Hy-Line Brown layers, 72 wk, 42 d800 (4 × 10 reps × 20)250 / 500 / 1,000 mg/kg (99.5%)Laying rate +4.0% / +4.4%; soft-broken egg rate −28%; caecal acetate and total VFA up; 250 mg/kg: no effectP=0.0394 / P=0.0162 / P=0.0267; P>0.05 (250)[17]
Hy-Line Brown layers, 52 wk, 8 wk384 (4 × 4 reps × 24)800 mg/kg (91.1%)Liver fat −20.2%; hepatic TG −46.8%; laying rate 73.1→76.9%; ACC/FASN/SREBP-1c down, AMPKα1/ATGL upP<0.01 (all)[18]
Broiler breeders (Qingyuan Ma), 8 wk270 (3 × 6 reps × 15)300 mg/kg vs tributyrin 500 mg/kgEggshell strength +34.3% (tributyrin +6.9%); serum TG −50.6%; T-AOC +42.9%; broken-egg rate −75.9%P<0.05[19]

Table 3. Poultry trials with glycerol monolaurate

Independent layer data cited in a 2025 review point the same way: 0.30 g/kg GML raised laying rate by up to +7.08% in 59–69-week-old hens, and 600–1,200 mg/kg improved jejunum villus height and MUC2/ZO-1 expression in broilers. [3] But the same review also lists the null side of the ledger: 1–5 g/kg GML produced no growth response in broilers, and the authors concluded that the optimal inclusion rate for lauric acid esters in poultry is not yet established. [3] One mechanism review further reports reduced jejunum villus height above 600 mg/kg in broilers — a reminder that "more is better" is not supported. [2] A related trial with free lauric acid (not GML) at 500–1,000 mg/kg improved meat colour, water-holding capacity and Nrf2-mediated antioxidant capacity in AA broilers, with 1,000 mg/kg outperforming chlortetracycline. [28]

6. Aquaculture and mink

In Pacific white shrimp, the dose–response optimum is near 2,000 mg/kg (weight gain 1,882% vs 1,555% in control, P<0.05; regression estimate 2,143 mg/kg), while in large yellow croaker a single 750 mg/kg dose improved digestive enzymes, fillet amino acids and lipid profile without affecting growth. In mink, 900–1,200 mg/kg improved growth and immunity, with 1,500 mg/kg returning to control values. [24],[25],[26]

ModelAnimals (n)DoseKey outcomeSignificanceRef
Pacific white shrimp L. vannamei, 0.31 g, 56 d1,200 (6 × 4 reps × 40)500–2,500 mg/kg (85% purity)WG 1,882% vs 1,555% at 2,000; FCR 1.65→1.40; proPO/CAT/Toll/IMD peak at 2,000; survival lower at 2,500P<0.05; breakpoint 2,143 mg/kg[24]
Large yellow croaker, 432 g, 45 d, sea cages2 groups × 3 cages × 30 fish750 mg/kgIntestinal lipase ×5.0; LDL-C 1.84→0.68 mmol/L; umami amino acids and EPA+DHA up; growth: no effectP<0.05; growth P>0.05[25]
Juvenile pompano T. ovatus, cage-farmedsee sourceGML-supplemented dietImproved intestinal health and disease resistancesee source[38]
Male mink, 80 d old, 8 wk96 (6 × 8 reps × 2)300–1,500 mg/kg (90%)Whole-period ADG 15.61 vs 14.58 g/d at 1,200; pelt length +5.0 cm; IgG and IgM up; 1,500: no benefitP=0.040 / P=0.042 / P=0.035 / P=0.046[26]

Table 4. Aquaculture and fur-animal trials

For marine fish, a review compilation sets the grouper optimum at 1,800 mg/kg, with survival after Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge falling at 2,400 mg/kg and hepatic MDA rising above 1,800 mg/kg. [2] The pattern across aquatic species mirrors terrestrial ones: a real but narrow dose window, beyond which benefits reverse.

7. Combination strategies: making up for the Gram-negative gap

Because monolaurin barely touches Gram-negative enterobacteria, the evidence-backed strategy is combination: benzoic acid + GML showed strong synergy against E. coli (combination index 0.50) and outperformed pharmacological zinc oxide for weaned-piglet diarrhoea; GML + PQQ reduced layer liver fat more than GML alone. [18],[20]

In the doctoral programme of Wei (2024), the benzoic acid + GML combination killed E. coli within 20 minutes in time-kill assays, and in the 250-piglet trial reduced diarrhoea frequency to 4.14% versus 15.57% for 3,000 mg/kg ZnO and 17.00% for the control (P<0.001), while adding roughly RMB 25 per pig in net margin. [20] In layers, combining 800 mg/kg α-GML with 0.16 mg/kg pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium cut liver fat by 26.2% (vs 20.2% for GML alone) and pushed laying rate to 80.94% vs 76.92% (P<0.01). [18] A Bacillus subtilis + GML combination, by contrast, showed no additive growth effect over either single additive in broilers — combinations are not automatically synergistic. [14]

8. Safety, limitations, and the null-results ledger

GML is generally regarded as safe at feed doses and does not inhibit lactobacilli, but its effect profile is dose- and context-dependent: high doses reverse benefits, a mouse trial found gut dysbiosis and low-grade inflammation at 150 mg/kg under a low-fat diet (500 mg/kg was clean), and several livestock trials are simply null. [5],[21],[22],[23]

The most detailed dose–response caution comes from a microbiome + metabolomics doctoral programme: in C57BL/6 mice on a low-fat diet, 150 mg/kg GML for 8 weeks increased body fat, serum LPS, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, reduced Akkermansia muciniphila, and increased E. coli — while 500 mg/kg did none of this and enriched L. reuteri and R. gnavus. [22] The same dose that was beneficial in piglets was pro-inflammatory in lean mice on a different background diet — a textbook illustration of species × diet interaction. Independent work in mice found high-dose GML up-regulated beneficial indigenous microbiota without metabolic dysfunction or systemic inflammation. [23]

Null results reported in controlled trials, for balance:
  • Broiler ADG unchanged at ≈300 mg/kg active GML over 42 days [14]; no growth response at 1–5 g/kg in a cited trial. [3]
  • 500 mg/kg in 1–21-day chicks [13] and 250 mg/kg in 72-week layers [17] produced no significant effect on any endpoint.
  • Rat E. coli model at 50 mg/kg: growth, immunoglobulins and cytokines non-significant. [21]
  • In post-attachment PEDV addition, viral genes rose rather than fell. [11]

9. Regulatory status: EU, US, and China

Monolaurin has no stand-alone feed-additive authorisation in any of the three major markets: it is absent from the EU Register of Feed Additives, absent from the AAFCO ingredient definitions, and not separately named in China's feed additive catalogue. In all three markets its legal foothold is the "mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids" category on the food side and feed-material/emulsifier categories on the feed side. [29],[33],[34],[35]

MarketFeed useFood useKey documents
EUNot in the EU Register of Feed Additives; no EFSA FEEDAP opinion. Marketed as a feed material under category 13.6 (glycerides of lauric acid) of the Catalogue of Feed Materials. Not a zootechnical additive.Covered by E 471 "mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids" (Reg. (EC) 1333/2008); EFSA re-evaluation completed 2021.EU Register check (Sep 2026) [29]; Reg. (EU) 2022/1104 [37]; EFSA J 2021;19(1):6885 [32]
USNot an AAFCO-defined feed ingredient (2025 Official Publication, Chapter Six: no entries for "monolaurin" or "laurate"). Feed marketing relies on the GRAS status of mono-/diglycerides; growth or antibacterial claims face state-level scrutiny.Affirmed GRAS under 21 CFR 184.1505 "Mono- and diglycerides" — lauric acid is explicitly listed among the source fatty acids; GMP use levels. No stand-alone GRAS notice for monolaurin located.21 CFR 184.1505 [33]; AAFCO OP 2025 Ch. 6 [34]
ChinaNot separately named in the Catalogue of Feed Additive Varieties; enters via the "glycerol fatty acid esters / edible fatty acid mono- and diglycerides" entry (emulsifier category, applicable to all farmed animals). Import registration precedent: (2024) Import Feed Permit Nos. 527 and 528, "mixed feed additive — glycerine fatty acid ester (α-monolaurin)", for pigs, poultry and aquaculture, valid 2024–2029.GB 2760 covers "mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids" (CNS 10.006, emulsifier); the 2011 edition explicitly listed lauric acid among the fatty acids. No stand-alone entry for monolaurin.MARA Announcement No. 2045 and later amendments [35]; (2024) permits 527/528 [35]; GB 2760-2024 [36]

Table 5. Regulatory status of glycerol monolaurate by market (verified September 2026)

The zootechnical-authorisation reference point: potassium diformate. The pathway GML would need in the EU is the one potassium diformate took: first authorised in 2001 under Commission Regulation (EC) No 1334/2001 as the first non-antibiotic growth-promoting-type feed additive (a 4-year provisional listing under Directive 70/524/EEC), re-authorised at higher doses in 2003 (Reg. (EC) 676/2003), extended to sows in 2010, and re-authorised for weaned piglets, fattening pigs and sows in 2022 (Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1374). [30],[31] The backdrop is Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003, Article 11(2), which removed antibiotic growth promoters from the Register on 1 January 2006. [29] Note that a widely repeated "2003 first authorisation" is inaccurate — the first authorisation was 2001, and the often-cited "Commission Regulation (EC) No 1332/2003" is a butter-sector regulation, unrelated to feed additives. As of September 2026, no dossier for monolaurin as a zootechnical additive appears in the EU Register, and no EFSA FEEDAP opinion exists for it.

10. Practical conclusions

Glycerol monolaurate is a credible non-antibiotic tool with the strongest evidence base in Gram-positive control, enveloped-virus prevention and gut-barrier support at 300–1,000 mg/kg purified α-GML; its Gram-negative weakness is best handled with organic-acid combinations; and its regulatory position in the EU, US and China is that of a feed material / category emulsifier, not a stand-alone feed additive.

  • Dose guidance (purified ≥90% α-GML, complete feed): young broilers ~1,000 mg/kg [13]; late-phase layers 500–1,000 mg/kg [17]; weaned piglets 150 mg/kg (as purified product) [22]; shrimp ~2,000 mg/kg [24]; mink 900–1,200 mg/kg. [26] Rebase any coated or diluted product to its true active content before comparing trials. [14]
  • Expectation management: growth response is the least consistent endpoint; gut morphology, immunity and product-quality endpoints repeat more reliably across species. [3],[14],[17]
  • Compliance: in the EU position it as a feed material; in the US avoid drug-level claims; in China register via the glycerol fatty acid ester entry and keep claims within the emulsifier/stabiliser scope unless a new-variant dossier is filed. [29],[33],[35]

Frequently asked questions

How much glycerol monolaurate should I add to broiler feed?

For purified α-GML (≥90%), most positive broiler results cluster between 300 and 1,000 mg/kg of complete feed. In 1–21-day Mahuang chicks, 1,000 mg/kg raised average daily gain by 8.72% (P=0.003) while 500 mg/kg was non-significant [13]; 300–450 mg/kg improved intake and caecal short-chain fatty acids in yellow-feathered broilers. [15] Rebase to product purity — a 10% coated product at 3,000 mg/kg delivers only ≈300 mg/kg active [14] — and note that doses above ~600 mg/kg have shown reduced villus height in at least one report, while 1–5 g/kg produced no growth response in another. [2],[3]

Does monolaurin work against E. coli and Salmonella?

Only weakly alone. MIC values exceed 4,000 mg/L for E. coli and Salmonella versus 250–1,000 µg/mL for Gram-positive organisms, because the Gram-negative outer membrane blocks GML. [6],[7],[20] The practical route is synergy: benzoic acid + GML achieved a combination index of 0.50 against E. coli and cut weaned-piglet diarrhoea incidence from 34% to 10% (P<0.001). [20]

Is glycerol monolaurate approved as a feed additive in the EU?

No. As of September 2026 it is not listed in the EU Register of Feed Additives and has no EFSA FEEDAP opinion. It circulates as a feed material under category 13.6 of Regulation (EU) 2022/1104 and is covered on the food side by E 471. [29],[32],[37] For comparison, potassium diformate — the first non-antibiotic growth-promoting-type additive — was authorised in 2001 under Reg. (EC) 1334/2001 and remains the model for a zootechnical dossier. [30],[31]

Can monolaurin replace antibiotic growth promoters in weaned piglet diets?

There is controlled evidence in that direction: 150 mg/kg GML outperformed colistin sulfate on body weight at day 28 (P=0.046) [22], and 0.6% benzoic acid + 0.1% GML outperformed 3,000 mg/kg zinc oxide on diarrhoea frequency (4.14% vs 15.57%, P<0.001) and ADG (P<0.001). [20] A rat E. coli challenge model at 50 mg/kg was largely null, so dose and species context matter. [21]

Does monolaurin harm beneficial gut bacteria?

Generally no: GML does not inhibit Lactobacillus [5] and increased caecal Lactobacillus counts in broilers (P=0.009). [14] But effects are strain-specific — one piglet study reported reductions in L. delbrueckii and F. prausnitzii [22], and a mouse trial found dysbiosis and low-grade inflammation at 150 mg/kg under a low-fat diet while 500 mg/kg was clean. [22] Monitor the microbiome outcome, not just "lactobacilli are safe".

What is the regulatory status of monolaurin in Chinese feed?

Monolaurin is not separately named in the Catalogue of Feed Additive Varieties, but the catalogue includes "glycerol fatty acid esters" and "edible fatty acid mono-/diglycerides" applicable to all farmed animals, and import registrations for α-monolaurin products were granted in 2024 under permits (2024) Import Feed Permit Nos. 527/528 for pigs, poultry and aquaculture. [35] Food use falls under GB 2760's mono- and diglycerides entry (CNS 10.006). [36]

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  30. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1334/2001 amending the conditions for authorisation of a number of feed additives. Official Journal L 180, 3.7.2001, p. 18–19.
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  33. US FDA. 21 CFR § 184.1505 — Mono- and diglycerides. Direct food substances affirmed as GRAS.
  34. AAFCO. Official Publication 2025, Chapter Six: Official Feed Terms, Common or Usual Ingredient Names and Ingredient Definitions (checked Sep 2026; no monolaurin/laurate entries).
  35. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Catalogue of Feed Additive Varieties (2013) (Announcement No. 2045, as amended by subsequent announcements); Import feed product registration announcements (2024) Import Feed Permit Nos. 527 and 528 (glycerine fatty acid ester (α-monolaurin)).
  36. GB 2760-2024 National Food Safety Standard — Standard for Uses of Food Additives. National Health Commission, State Administration for Market Regulation.
  37. Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/1104 concerning the Catalogue of feed materials (category 13.6: glycerides of lauric acid).
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About the author. Shouhui Chen, SKF (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd. This article summarises peer-reviewed research and publicly available regulatory documents for informational purposes. Chinese-language sources are cited in their original form; trial details were extracted from the full texts.

Competing interests. SKF Bio manufactures and supplies glycerol monolaurate products. All performance figures in this article are drawn from third-party peer-reviewed sources; no company-owned trial data are cited.

Disclaimer. Dose recommendations reflect reported trial conditions and are not a substitute for veterinary advice or for product-specific regulatory guidance. Regulatory status changes: always verify against the current EU Register of Feed Additives, applicable US federal and state requirements, and the current Chinese Feed Additive Catalogue before labelling or claiming.

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